Toyota bZ4X (71.4 kWh) battery: recycling and second-life options
The Toyota bZ4X (71.4 kWh) (Toyota, 2022-) carries a 71.4 kWh battery pack using NMC chemistry from cell supplier CATL / Panasonic. The pack weighs 460 kg. End-of-life routes split between second-life applications (typically 5-10 more years of grid storage) and full material recycling.
Battery specifications
| Field | Value |
|---|
| Capacity (gross) | 71.4 kWh |
| Chemistry | NMC |
| Cell supplier | CATL / Panasonic |
| Pack weight | 460 kg |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production years | 2022- |
Recoverable materials
A typical Toyota bZ4X (71.4 kWh) pack contains:
- Lithium: 8.5 kg (carbonate-equivalent ~45 kg)
- Cobalt: 5 kg
- Nickel: 65 kg
- Copper: ~25-50 kg in busbars and current collectors
- Aluminium: ~30-60 kg in cell housings and pack structure
- Steel: pack enclosure
- Graphite: anode material
- Manganese: present in NMC chemistry packs
Second-life value
A Toyota bZ4X (71.4 kWh) pack typically retains 70-80% capacity at the end of its first automotive life (~8-15 years). At that point it has 5-10 more useful years in lower-cycle applications:
- Grid stabilisation - fleet partnerships (B2U Storage Solutions, Connected Energy)
- Solar self-consumption storage - residential battery walls (some offerings repackage former EV cells)
- Off-grid power - marine, RV, off-grid cabin
- EV charging buffer - used at fast-charge sites to reduce peak grid draw
Typical second-life market value: $4000-8500 USD
Where to sell second-life packs:
- B2U Storage Solutions
- Connected Energy (UK)
- Powervault (UK residential)
- Re-Volv
- Direct sale to integrators via specialist brokers
Full recycling value
If second-life isn't viable (cell damage, capacity below 60%, no buyer), full material recycling routes:
- Recovery value: $900-1600 USD
- Recycling cost: $100-400 USD
- Net economics: Generally net-positive - manufacturer often sees a credit when delivering NMC/NCA packs
Major battery recyclers operating in Toyota's key markets:
- Li-Cycle (US, Canada, Europe) - hub-and-spoke model
- Redwood Materials (US) - integrated cell-to-cell recycling, supplies recovered cathode material back to Toyota
- Umicore (Belgium, global) - integrated smelter
- Ecobat - lead-acid + lithium-ion
- Toyota closed-loop programme (where available - see take-back URL below)
Manufacturer take-back
Toyota sustainability + battery recycling
In the EU, manufacturers are obligated under EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 (effective 2024) to provide free take-back for EV batteries. In the US, state-level laws vary - California's SB 615 (effective 2026) requires similar manufacturer responsibility.
Compliance and safety
EV batteries are classified as UN3480 / UN3481 (lithium-ion battery) under hazardous-materials transport regulations. Movement requires:
- Class 9 hazmat-certified transporter
- Damaged-pack protocol (typically requires container with non-conductive padding)
- Documentation: Bill of Lading + UN packaging certificate
Cannot be transported on a regular vehicle without certified packaging.
Where this fits in the bigger picture
By 2030, the IEA projects 1.4 million tonnes of EV battery waste annually globally. The Toyota bZ4X (71.4 kWh) contributes to this stream when retired. With 8.5 kg of lithium per pack, recovering even a fraction returns critical minerals to the supply chain - recovered lithium typically costs 30-50% less in carbon footprint than freshly mined material (NREL ReCell Center data).
Related guides
Sources
- Toyota battery sustainability disclosure
- US DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory ReCell Center
- IEA Global EV Outlook 2024
- EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542
- Cell supplier (CATL / Panasonic) published specifications
- LME spot prices for cobalt, nickel, lithium carbonate
Frequently Asked Questions
How much is a used Toyota bZ4X (71.4 kWh) battery worth?
Second-life market value (for grid storage, residential battery wall, off-grid use) typically $4000-8500 USD. Full recycling material value $900-1600 USD. Almost always more economic to extend useful life via second-life rather than scrap immediately.
What chemistry is the Toyota bZ4X (71.4 kWh) battery?
NMC, supplied by CATL / Panasonic. The pack weighs 460 kg and stores 71.4 kWh of energy.
How is the Toyota bZ4X (71.4 kWh) battery recycled?
Major recyclers (Li-Cycle, Redwood Materials, Umicore) dismantle the 460 kg pack, test cells for second-life eligibility (70%+ capacity), then non-viable cells go through hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical processing to recover lithium (8.5 kg), cobalt (5 kg), nickel (65 kg), copper, and aluminium.
Does Toyota take back the Toyota bZ4X (71.4 kWh) battery?
Yes. See [Toyota take-back programme](https://global.toyota/en/sustainability/). Under EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 (effective 2024), all EU sales include free manufacturer take-back at end-of-life. US take-back is currently voluntary with state-level requirements emerging (California SB 615 effective 2026).
Can I transport an EV battery myself?
No. The Toyota bZ4X (71.4 kWh) battery is UN3480/UN3481 hazmat-classified. Movement requires a Class 9 certified transporter with proper packaging and Bill of Lading. Damaged packs have additional protocol. Cannot be moved on a regular vehicle.